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                <time class="level-item has-text-grey" datetime="2019-11-30T17:47:59.000Z">2019-12-01</time>
                
                
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                001.英语零基础词法概念-名词
            
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        <div class="content">
            <p>英语从词的意思上讲，我们可以将<code>十大词类</code>归纳为<code>实词</code>和<code>虚词</code>两大类。实词是指实实在在意思的词，虚词是指没有完整意义的词，但有语法意义或功能的词。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>实词包括：名词、代词、数词、形容词、动词、副词。<br>虚词包括：冠词、介词、连词、感叹词</p>
</blockquote>
<a id="more"></a>

<h2 id="名词"><a href="#名词" class="headerlink" title="名词"></a>名词</h2><h3 id="名词定义-Noun-简写n"><a href="#名词定义-Noun-简写n" class="headerlink" title="名词定义 (Noun, 简写n.)"></a>名词定义 (Noun, 简写n.)</h3><h3 id="名词分类"><a href="#名词分类" class="headerlink" title="名词分类"></a>名词分类</h3><p>根据词义，名词分为专有名词、普通名词两大类。</p>
<h4 id="专有名词"><a href="#专有名词" class="headerlink" title="专有名词"></a>专有名词</h4><p>专有名词指世界上<code>特定的</code>或<code>独一无二的</code>人或事物，包括：</p>
<ul>
<li>人名: Tom 汤姆, Mary 玛丽</li>
<li>地名: Shanghai 上海, Hong Kong 香港</li>
<li>江河湖海: The Yello River 黄河</li>
<li>月份节日: May 五月, Christmas 圣诞节</li>
<li>国家: China 中国, Russia 俄罗斯</li>
<li>组织: The United Nations 联合国</li>
<li>…</li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<p>专有名词有一个显著的标志：<code>大写</code>。<br>为了强调这些事物的特殊性，单词的首字母要进行大写。</p>
</blockquote>
<h4 id="普通名词"><a href="#普通名词" class="headerlink" title="普通名词"></a>普通名词</h4><p>除了专有名词，剩下的都属于普通名词，比如：</p>
<ul>
<li>book 书</li>
<li>water 水</li>
<li>fish 鱼</li>
<li>love 爱情</li>
<li>…</li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<p>这些词于我们生活联系得更加紧密、随处可见。</p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="名词的数"><a href="#名词的数" class="headerlink" title="名词的数"></a>名词的数</h3><p>在学习英语时，时常被单词后面的字母“s”搞得头昏眼花。什么时候才在单词后面加“s”，什么时候不加“s”呢？</p>
<p>要搞懂这个问题，我们首先要了解的是：名词的“数”</p>
<p>按照名词是否可数，英语中的名词可分为：可数名词、不可数名词。</p>
<p>可数和不可数之分，并不是说：可不可以去数。</p>
<p>可数和不可数之分的本质在于：是否有一个相对固定的量化单位。</p>
<ul>
<li>有固定的量化单位 → 量化单位被省略 → 变身可数名词</li>
<li>无固定的量化单位 → 量化单位不可省 → 变身不可数名词</li>
</ul>
<p>举例：</p>
<p>说到“咖啡”，你想到的是用哪一个量词去量化它呢？</p>
<p>在这种量化单位相对固定的情况下，该量化单位可以被省略。大概率情况下，大家都是用“杯”来量化咖啡。因此， <code>a cup of coffee</code> 可直接表述为 <code>a coffee</code> 一杯咖啡</p>
<p>类似地，还有很多量化单位固定的可数名词，如：</p>
<ul>
<li>一把椅子 → a chair</li>
<li>一张桌子 → a desk</li>
<li>一本书 → a book</li>
<li>一条街道 → a street</li>
<li>一支笔 → a pen</li>
<li>一辆车 → a car</li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<p>以上示例中，“把”、“张”、“本”、“条”、“支”、“辆”分别是“椅子”、“桌子”、“书”、“街道”、“笔”、“车”的相对固定的量化单位，因而可以被省略，在英文中直接变成了 a chair / desk / book / street / pen / car，完成了向可数名词的转变。</p>
</blockquote>
<p>接下来我们来看不可数名词。</p>
<p>说到“水”，能想到用哪一个量词去量化它呢？</p>
<p>一滴水？ 一杯水？ 一碗水？ 一桶水？</p>
<p>以上单位在日常生活中均很常用。因此对于“水”这一事物，我们很难用一个相对固定的量词对其进行量化，我们会说：</p>
<ul>
<li>一滴水 → a drop of water</li>
<li>一杯水 → a glass of water</li>
<li>一碗水 → a bowl of water</li>
<li>一桶水 → a bucket of water</li>
<li>…</li>
</ul>
<p>以上量词“滴”、“杯”、“碗”、“桶”等，均是“水”这一名词的常用量词。所以在这种情况下，“水”并没有相对固定的量化单位，因而其量化单位不可省，<code>water</code>也因此成了不可数名词。</p>
<p>但是，有些名词即可以充当可数名词，也可以充当不可数名词。</p>
<p>以单词<code>time</code>为例</p>
<p><code>time</code>作为名词，主要有以下四种含义：</p>
<ul>
<li>时间</li>
<li>时光</li>
<li>次数</li>
<li>倍数</li>
</ul>
<p>当<code>time</code>表示<code>时间</code>时，不可数。因为时间的概念太广阔了，一秒、一分、一小时、一年均为时间范围，实在无法用一个相对固定的量化单位去量化它，所以不可数。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>请给我<code>一些时间</code><br>Please give me <code>some time</code>.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>当<code>time</code>表示<code>时光</code>时，可数。因为时光的量化单位相对固定的，我们一般会说一段时光。所以该量化单位可以被省略。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>爱丽丝曾有过<code>一段</code>短暂的婚姻<code>时光</code>。<br>Alice was married for for <code>a</code> short <code>time</code>.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>当<code>time</code>表示<code>次数</code>、<code>倍数</code>，可数。因为次数和倍数都有固定的量化单位，一次两次、一倍两倍，</p>
<blockquote>
<p>我已经看过<code>很多次</code>这部电影了<br>I have watched the movie <code>many times</code>.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>注意上面的<code>times</code>，当我们在表达<code>许多次</code>时，我们会说”many times”。所以当一个名词是可数名词时，就会呈现出单数和复数两种形式。</p>
<p>那么什么是复数呢？</p>
<p>当一个可数名词所表达的事物的数量是两个或两个以上时，我们要对这一可数名词进行复数形式的变化。通常情况下，我们会在可数名词后面加一个”s”。当然，也会有其它复数形式，我们通过下面表格来初步体会一下：</p>
<ul>
<li>规则的复数形式</li>
</ul>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>情况</th>
<th>复数形式</th>
<th>例词</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td>一般情况</td>
<td>加-s</td>
<td>car-&gt;cars, book-&gt;books</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>以s,x,ch,sh 结尾的词</td>
<td>加-es</td>
<td>bus-buses, watch-watches</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>以”辅音+y”结尾的词</td>
<td>变y为i，再加es</td>
<td>lay-ladies, country-countries</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<blockquote>
<p>大多数可数名词的复数都是在词尾加上字母”s”或”es”来构成其复数形式。</p>
</blockquote>
<ul>
<li>不规则的复数形式</li>
</ul>
<p>还有一些可数名词的复数形式没有那么规则，如以下表格：</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>单数形式</th>
<th>复数形式</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td>man 男人</td>
<td>men</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>woman 女人</td>
<td>women</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>tooth 牙齿</td>
<td>teeth</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>foot 脚</td>
<td>feet</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ox 公牛</td>
<td>oxen</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>mouse 老鼠</td>
<td>mice</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>policewoman 女警察</td>
<td>policewomen</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>

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